The emergence of Islamophobia in social networks
Keywords:
Social networks, Islamophobia, internet, racism, Islam
Abstract
Aim: There are now countless ways for people all over the world to connect and share information, thanks to the Internet’s expansion. Blogs and other forms of online social networking have made it possible for people from all walks of life to connect and have their voices heard without fear of retribution. Verifying the connection between social networks and the phenomenon of Islamophobia is crucial in light of the recent rise of Islamophobia in the West following several attacks committed by fanatical terrorists who have been attributed to Muslims.
Methodology: To get to the bottom of things, we used a questionnaire to collect data and then analyzed it with content analysis.
Findings: The study’s results corroborated the significance of social media in the emergence of Islamophobia.
Implications/Novel Contribution: The efforts that were made to present a synthesis of works on Islamophobia, particularly those related to social networks, constituted an important step in this study and made it possible to highlight a certain number of studies that have dealt with the relationship between our two variables. This was an important step in the study because it highlighted a certain number of studies that dealt
with the relationship between our two variables.
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Siebdrat, F., Hoegl, M., & Ernst, H. (2009). How to manage virtual teams. MIT Sloan Management Review, 50(4), 63-68.
Waheed, M., & Kaur, K. (2019). Students’ perceptual quality standards for judging knowledge quality: Development and validation of a perceived e-learning knowledge quality scale. Information Development, 35(2), 319-332.
Weller, P., Feldman, A., Purdam, K., & Andrews, A. (2001). Religious discrimination in England and Wales. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3O3lEQS
Aguiton, C., & Cardon, D. (2007). The strength of weak cooperation: An attempt to understand the meaning of web 2.0. Communications & Strategies, 65, 51–65.
Allen, C. (2010). Contemporary islamophobia before 9/11: A brief history. Arches Quarterly, 4(7), 14–22.
Asal, H. (2014). Islamophobia: The making of a new concept. State of play of research. Sociology, 5(1), 13–29.
Awan, I. (2016). Islamophobia on social media: A qualitative analysis of the facebook’s walls of hate. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 10(1), 1-20.
Back, M. D., Stopfer, J. M., Vazire, S., Gaddis, S., Schmukle, S. C., Egloff, B., & Gosling, S. D. (2010).
Facebook profiles reflect actual personality, not self-idealization. Psychological Science, 21(3), 372–374. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797609360756
Boughzala, I., & De Vreede, G.-J. (2010). Vers l’organisation 2.0: Un nouveau modèle basé sur l’intelligence collective. In 15th International Conference of the Association Information and Management 2010 (AIM 2010), La Rochelle, France.
Boyd, D. (2010). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In A networked self. London, UK: Routledge.
Bravo, L. F. (2011). Towards a definition of Islamophobia: Approximations of the early twentieth century. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(4), 556–573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.528440
Cesari, J. (2011). Islamophobia in the West: A comparison between Europe and the United States. In Islamophobia: The challenge of pluralism in the 21st century (pp. 21–43). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate crimes in cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Delafosse, M. (1910). Current state of Islam in French West Africa. Revue Du Monde Musulman N, 11, 32-53.
Esposito, J. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who speaks for Islam?: What a billion Muslims really think. New York, NY: Gallup Press.
Ezzerhouni, D. (2010). Islamophobia, a racism that appeared with colonization. Algerie-Focus.
Gottschalk, P., Greenberg, G., & Greenberg, G. (2008). Islamophobia: Making Muslims the enemy. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield.
Gudel, J. A. (2002). Post 9/11 look at Islam. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3xrV6Bu
Hajjat, A., & Mohammad, M. (2013). Islamophobia - how the French elites fabricate the “Muslim problem”. Paris, France: La Découverte,.
Hamid, M., Jam, F. A., & Mehmood, S. (2019). Psychological empowerment and employee attitudes: Mediating role of intrinsic motivation. International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 4(6), 300-314. doi: 10.24088/ijbea-2019-46005
Jaishankar, K. (2008). Cyber hate: Antisocial networking in the internet. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 2(2), 16-20.
Jam, F. A. (2019). Crypto currencya new phenomenon in monetary circulation. Central Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(1), 39-46.
Jam, F. A., Rauf, A. S., Husnain, I., Bilal, H. Z., Yasir, A., & Mashood, M. (2014). Identify factors affecting the management of political behavior among bank staff. African Journal of Business Management,, 5(23), 9896-9904.
Jam, F. A., Singh, S. K. G., Ng, B., & Aziz, N. (2018). The interactive effect of uncertainty avoidance cultural values and leadership styles on open service innovation: A look at Malaysian healthcare sector. International Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 4(5), 208-223.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! the challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Khan, S., Shahbaz, M., & Jam, F. A. (2019). The estimation of the environmental Kuznets curve in Kazakhstan. The Journal of Energy and Development, 45(1/2), 93-112.
Khan, T. I., Jam, F. A., Anwar, F., Sheikh, R. A., & Kaur, S. (2012). Neuroticism and job outcomes: Mediating effects of perceived organizational politics. African Journal of Business Management, 6(7), 2508-2515.
McNamee, L. G., Peterson, B. L., & Peña, J. (2010). A call to educate, participate, invoke and indict: Understanding the communication of online hate groups. Communication Monographs, 77(2), 257–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751003758227
Musser, J., & O’reilly, T. (2006). Web 2.0. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3HuIxKz
O’Reilly, T. (2007). What is web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. International Journal of Digital Economics, 65, 17-37.
Otterbeck, J., & Bevelander, P. (2006). Islamophobia - a study of the concept, young people’s attitudes and the vulnerability of young Muslims. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/39DrF7H
Preece, J., & Maloney-Krichmar, D. (2005). Online communities: Design, theory, and practice. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication, 10(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00264.x
Said, E. (1985). Orientalism reconsidered. Cultural Critique, 1, 89-107.
Sheehi, S. (2010). Islamophobia: The ideological campaign against Muslims. Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press.
Siebdrat, F., Hoegl, M., & Ernst, H. (2009). How to manage virtual teams. MIT Sloan Management Review, 50(4), 63-68.
Waheed, M., & Kaur, K. (2019). Students’ perceptual quality standards for judging knowledge quality: Development and validation of a perceived e-learning knowledge quality scale. Information Development, 35(2), 319-332.
Weller, P., Feldman, A., Purdam, K., & Andrews, A. (2001). Religious discrimination in England and Wales. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3O3lEQS
Published
2022-03-03
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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